How many types of schedules are there?

• A. Four
• B. Five
• C. Six
• D. Seven

Answer: (C)

Reinforcement schedules describe when a reward is given to shape a behavior. There are six principal types commonly taught: continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval, and non-contingent reinforcement.

Continuous reinforcement means every correct behavior is rewarded, which speeds up learning but can lead to rapid extinction if rewards stop. Fixed ratio rewards after a set number of responses, producing a high, rapid rate of responding with short pauses after each reinforcement. Variable ratio rewards after an average number of responses but with variation, yielding very high and steady response rates that are resistant to extinction. Fixed interval provides reinforcement for the first response after a fixed time period, leading to a pattern where responses build up as the interval ends (a scalloped pattern). Variable interval reinforces the first response after varying time intervals, producing steady and moderate response rates with less predictability. Non-contingent reinforcement delivers rewards independent of the target behavior, which can be used to reduce problem behaviors or study baseline effects.

So six types cover the main ways reinforcement can be scheduled to influence learning and performance.